NIH
1998 Almanac/Historical Data/
Biographical Sketches
of the Directors of the National Institutes of Health
Joseph James Kinyoun, M.D.
Founder and director of the Hygienic Laboratory, Dr. Joseph
J. Kinyoun introduced scientific research into the Marine
Hospital Service. His interest in bacteriology and his isolation
of the cholera organism laid the groundwork for the present
health research program of NIH.
Dr. Kinyoun received his M.D. degree from New York University
in 1882 and did postgraduate work in Europe under the German
bacteriologist, Robert Koch.
Dr. Kinyoun joined the Marine Hospital Service in 1886.
In a one-room laboratory on Staten Island, N.Y., he applied
new techniques he had learned in Europe, enabling him to
isolate the organism that causes cholera. The Hygienic Laboratory
was established in August 1887 and Dr. Kinyoun served as
its director until April 30, 1899.
During his government career, Dr. Kinyoun designed the
Kinyoun-Francis sterilizer, a shipboard disinfecting apparatus.
In 1903 he retired from public service, and after working
in private industry and as a professor at the George Washington
University, he became a bacteriologist in the District of
Columbia Health Department, a post which he held until his
death on February 14, 1919.
Milton Joseph Rosenau, M.D.
As second director of the Hygienic Laboratory, Dr. Milton
J. Rosenau was responsible for expanding its scope of investigations.
After receiving his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania,
he did postgraduate work in Europe in the field of sanitation
and public health.
In 1890 he received his commission in the Marine Hospital
Service. He became director of the Hygienic Laboratory on
May 1, 1899.
A pioneer in the study of anaphylaxis, he also conducted
research on yellow fever, malaria, typhoid fever, poliomyelitis,
disinfectants, and the pasteurization of milk. His Preventive
Medicine and Hygiene is a standard text for students
of public health.
On September 30, 1909, Dr. Rosenau resigned from government
service to join the staff of Harvard Medical School. In
1936 he went to the University of North Carolina where he
served as director of the Public Health School until his
death on April 9, 1946.
John F. Anderson, M.D.
Dr. John F. Anderson, third director of the Hygienic Laboratory,
was among the early scientists who made the Laboratory well-known
in scientific circles.
After receiving his M.D. degree at the University of Virginia,
he went abroad to study bacteriology. Upon returning in
1898, he joined the Marine Hospital Service and on October
1, 1909, succeeded Dr. Rosenau as director of the Hygienic
Laboratory.
Throughout his career in the service, he was actively
engaged in research. He studied serum and vaccine therapy,
immunology, cholera, typhus, poliomyelitis, and public health
and sanitation problems. He worked with Dr. Rosenau on hypersusceptibility,
anaphylaxis, and tuberculosis, and with Dr. Joseph Goldberger
on the transmission of measles to monkeys, providing science
with an experimental animal for that disease.
Dr. Anderson served as director of the Hygienic Laboratory
until November 19, 1915, when he resigned to become director
of the Research and Biological Laboratories and later vice
president of E. R. Squibb & Sons. He died on September
29, 1958.
George Walter McCoy, M.D.
Dr. George W. McCoy was during his lifetime the Nation's
greatest authority on leprosy. For his many contributions
to public health, he won the Sedgwick Memorial Medal of
the American Public Health Association in 1921.
He entered the Marine Hospital Service in 1900 after graduating
from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School.
During his first assignment at the Marine hospital in
San Francisco, he became interested in leprosy. While heading
the U.S. Plague Laboratory in San Francisco from 1908 to
1911, he discovered that the California ground squirrel
was responsible for the spread of the organism causing tularemia.
On November 20, 1915, he became fourth director of the
Hygienic Laboratory, renamed "National Institute of
Health" in 1930. During this period he conducted important
studies in influenza, poliomyelitis, smallpox, tularemia,
amoebic dysentery, and pneumonia. Dr. McCoy served as director
until January 31, 1937.
After conducting a nationwide survey on leprosy, Dr. McCoy
retired from PHS on June 30, 1938, and joined the staff
of Louisiana State University in New Orleans. He died on
April 2, 1952.
Lewis Ryers Thompson, M.D.
Dr. Lewis R. Thompson was intensely interested in research
on industrial health problems and on problems of stream
pollution.
He joined PHS in 1910, having graduated from Louisville
Medical College. After becoming chief of the Division of
Scientific Research in 1930, he administered field investigations
of stream pollution, malaria, cancer, nutritional diseases,
child hygiene, milk, dental problems, and industrial hygiene.
When the division was merged with NIH, Dr. Thompson became
director on February 1, 1937.
Dr. Thompson was largely responsible for securing the
present-day site of NIH and for securing appropriations
for the construction of the first six buildings. He served
as director until January 31, 1942, and after retiring from
PHS in 1947 became a scientific director of the international
health division of the Rockefeller Foundation. He died on
November 12, 1954.
Rolla Eugene Dyer, M.D.
Dr. Rolla E. Dyer's major research contributions were in
the field of infectious diseases; in particular, endemic
typhus. He demonstrated how endemic typhus is spread and
helped develop a vaccine to protect against the disease.
Dr. Dyer
received his M.D. from the University of Texas and joined
PHS in 1916.
His first assignment involved fieldwork on bubonic plague
in New Orleans. Five years later he joined the staff of
the Hygienic Laboratory, became chief of the Division of
Infectious Diseases in 1936, and director of NIH in 1942.
As director, Dr. Dyer organized the Division of Research
Grants, assisted in planning the Clinical Center, and helped
establish three new institutes: the National Heart Institute,
the National Institute of Dental Research, and National
Institute of Mental Health.
After retiring from active duty on September 30, 1950,
Dr. Dyer served as a member of the scientific board of directors
of the international health division of the Rockefeller
Foundation. He died June 2, 1971.
William Henry Sebrell, Jr., M.D.
A leading international authority on nutrition, Dr. William
H. Sebrell first recognized and described the dietary deficiency
disease, ariboflavinosis, and made significant contributions
to knowledge of dietary needs and deficiencies.
Dr. Sebrell
received his M.D. degree from the University of Virginia
and joined PHS in 1926.
He began his research career under Dr. Joseph Goldberger
who demonstrated that pellagra is a deficiency disease.
During the 1930's, Dr. Sebrell made many important contributions
to our knowledge of the anemias and the role of diet in
cirrhosis of the liver.
During World War II, Dr. Sebrell was codirector of the
National Nutrition Program which coordinated activities
of all state agencies working in the field of nutrition.
This program aided food production and the maintenance of
civilian health during the war years.
In 1948 he became director of the Experimental Biology
and Medicine Institute, and on October 1, 1950, was appointed
director of NIH. He held this post until his retirement
on July 31, 1955.
Dr. Sebrell helped formulate the first international standards
of nutrition for the League of Nations, and pioneered in
gaining acceptance of scientific nutrition as a regular
function of modern state and local health departments.
James A. Shannon, M.D.
Dr. James A. Shannon, widely recognized in the scientific
world for his original research in kidney function, chemotherapy,
and malaria, has throughout his career, been devoted to
medical research, teaching, and public service.
He received his
M.D. in 1929 and a Ph.D. in physiology in 1935 from New
York University.
Following his internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York,
Dr. Shannon taught in the department of physiology at New
York University College of Medicine from 1931 to 1941, and
directed research at the university's Goldwater Memorial
Hospital from 1940 to 1945.
During periods of leave, he served as guest investigator
at the physiological laboratory, University of Cambridge,
England, and as a member of the staff of the Marine Biological
Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass.
During World War II, Dr. Shannon played a prominent part
in malaria research activities of the National Research
Council and was consultant on tropical diseases to the secretary
of war. In recognition of this work, he received the Presidential
Medal for Merit, the highest award at that time for civilian
service in government.
Before joining PHS in 1949, he was director of the Squibb
Institute for Medical Research (1946-49), and special consultant
to the PHS Surgeon General.
Dr. Shannon then served as associate director in charge
of research in the National Heart Institute until 1952.
After holding the post of associate director, NIH, for 3
years, he became its director on August 1, 1955.
Among his many honors were the Public Welfare Medal of
the National Academy of Sciences for "eminence in the
application of science to the public welfare" (1962),
the Rockefeller Public Service Award for Science, Technology,
or Engineering (1964), and the Presidential Distinguished
Federal Civilian Service Award (1966).
On retiring as NIH director (August 31, 1968), Dr. Shannon
joined the NAS as special advisor to the president. In February
1970 he became professor and special assistant to the president,
Rockefeller University. He retired from those positions
in 1975, and now resides in Portland, Oreg.
Robert Q. Marston, M.D.
Dr. Robert Quarles Marston became director of NIH on September
1, 1968, after serving for 5 months as administrator of
the Health Services and Mental Health Administration.
He received
his B.S. degree in 1943 from the Virginia Military Institute,
and his M.D. from the Medical College of Virginia in 1947.
As a Rhodes scholar, he worked for the next 2 years with
Nobel prizewinner Howard Florey at Oxford University, Oxford,
England, earning a B.Sc. from that institution in 1949.
After an internship at Johns Hopkins Hospital and a year's
residency at Vanderbilt University Hospital in Nashville,
Tenn., he was stationed at NIH from 1951 to 1953 as a member
of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, conducting
research on the role of infection after whole body irradiation.
He completed his residency at the Medical College of Virginia
in Richmond the following year.
While a Markle fellow, he served as assistant professor
of medicine at the Medical College of Virginia from 1954
to 1957, and as assistant professor of bacteriology and
immunology at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis
for 1 year. He returned to the Medical College of Virginia
in 1959 as associate professor of medicine and assistant
dean in charge of student affairs.
In 1961, Dr. Marston became director of the University
of Mississippi Medical Center and dean of the School of
Medicine in Jackson, Miss., and was appointed vice chancellor
there in 1965.
He became an associate director of NIH and director of
the newly created Division of Regional Medical Programs
on February 1, 1966.
On April 1, 1968, Dr. Marston was named administrator
of the Health Services and Mental Health Administration,
under a departmental reorganization.
He became acting director of the National Institute of
Neurological Diseases and Stroke on January 21, 1973. He
left the Federal service in April 1973 to become a scholar-in-residence
at the University of Virginia. He also was named the first
distinguished fellow of the Institute of Medicine, NAS.
On January 11, 1974, Dr. Marston was named president of
the University of Florida at Gainesville.
Robert S. Stone, M.D.
Dr. Robert S. Stone, former vice president for health services
and dean of the school of medicine at the University of
New Mexico, became director of NIH on May 29, 1973.
He received
his B.A. in 1942 from Brooklyn College and his M.D. from
the State University of New York College of Medicine in
1950. Dr. Stone was an instructor in pathology at Columbia
University College of Physicians and Surgeons from 1950
to 1952.
Following his 1950-1952 internship and assistant residency
in pathology at New York's Presbyterian Hospital, Dr. Stone
moved to Los Angeles and joined the faculty of UCLA's School
of Medicine, department of pathology.
From 1957 to 1959 as part of his academic duties he was
deputy coroner at Los Angeles County, and for several years
was pathologist for the Los Angeles Shriners Hospital for
Crippled Children.
While on sabbatical as a visiting scientist at the Rockefeller
Institute in 1959, he was credited with demonstrating by
electron microscopy that the Shope papilloma virus of rabbits
could be found in mature skin cells, but was undetectable,
although presumed present, in younger growing cells.
Based on his observation of autopsies of atomic bomb victims
in Hiroshima, Japan, Dr. Stone was one of the first researchers
to suggest that radiation exposure increases the incidence
of certain known diseases rather than creating new types.
He served as chief of research in pathology for the Atomic
Bomb Casualty Commission from 1959 to 1960.
He contributed to the concept of developing a method control
population to study the normal incidence of various diseases
for comparison, as was subsequently done.
It was as a result of this work and his continuing interest
that he was appointed to the NAS Advisory Committee on the
Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission.
Dr. Stone joined the University of New Mexico School of
Medicine as chairman of the department of pathology in 1963,
and became dean of the school in 1968. Prior to his appointment
as NIH director, he took a year's leave from the university
and was a visiting professor at the Sloan School of Management,
MIT.
He became dean of the School of Medicine of the University
of Oregon Health Sciences Center and vice president of the
Health Sciences Center in August 1975. He has since been
appointed dean of the College of Medicine at Texas A & M
University in August of 1978.
Donald S. Fredrickson, M.D.
Dr. Donald S. Fredrickson, internationally known authority
on lipid metabolism and its disorders, became NIH director
on July 1, 1975. Immediately prior to this appointment,
he had served for 1 year (1974-1975) as president of the
Institute of Medicine, NAS.
His association with NIH, however, spans more than two
decades beginning in 1953 when he joined the scientific
staff of the then National Heart Institute (renamed the
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in 1976) as a
clinical associate.
During his research career in the Federal service, Dr.
Fredrickson held numerous positions at NIH, several in the
heart institute simultaneously. From 1955 to 1961 he was
a member of the Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism.
He then served as clinical director (1961-1966), while continuing
his research as head of the section of molecular diseases,
Laboratory of Metabolism (1962-1966). He was appointed institute
director in 1966, serving in that capacity until 1968. He
combined this executive responsibility with research as
chief of the Molecular Diseases Branch (1966-1974), and
as director of intramural research (1969-1974).
His earliest research interests centered on the metabolism
of sterols. Later he focused on the structure of the plasma
lipoproteins, their importance in the transport of fats,
and the genetic factors regulating their metabolism and
concentration in blood. It was during this period that he
discovered two new genetic disorders: Tangier disease (absence
of high density lipoproteins) and cholesteryl ester storage
disease, a lysosomal enzyme deficiency.
In 1965 he and his coworkers introduced a system for identifying
and classifying blood-lipid abnormalities on the basis of
plasma lipoprotein patterns. From this work came recognition
of new monogenic causes of hyperlipidemia: type 3 and type
5 hyperlipoproteinemia and what is called familial hypertriglyceridemia.
The system received prompt acceptance by the WHO and is
now used widely by laboratories around the world.
Research findings of Dr. Fredrickson and colleagues have
also included the discovery of several previously unknown
apolipo-proteins, and new knowledge including descriptions
concerning the structure and function of various apoproteins.
He received
both his B.S. (1946) and M.D. (1949) from the University
of Michigan, and was certified by the American Board of
Internal Medicine in 1957. He did postgraduate work at Peter
Bent Brigham and Massachusetts General Hospitals and the
Harvard Medical School prior to coming to NIH in 1953.
Dr. Fredrickson is a member of numerous professional societies
in addition to the NAS and the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences.
He resigned as NIH director on June 30, 1981, returning
to the NAS as a visiting scholar.
James B. Wyngaarden, M.D.
Dr. James B. Wyngaarden, an internationally recognized
authority on the regulation of purine biosynthesis and the
genetics of gout, and a nationally respected advisor on
various aspects of the administration of biomedical research,
became the 12th director on April 30, 1982. Immediately
prior to his appointment, he was professor and chairman
of the department of medicine at Duke University School
of Medicine, a position he had held since 1967.
He has had a long association with the NIH. From 1953
to 1954, he was a research associate in the Laboratory of
Chemical Pharmacology of the then National Heart Institute,
and from 1954 to 1956, he was a clinical associate at the
then National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases.
After leaving in 1956 to become associate professor at the
Duke University School of Medicine, he continued an association
with NIH. He has held grants from several NIH components.
Dr. Wyngaarden has been active on various NIH study groups,
evaluation committees, and review panels over the years,
including a term with the board of scientific counselors
of the then NIAMD (1971-1974). He also served as a consultant
to the NIH as a member of study sections (1958-1960; 1967-1969).
He has also served as advisor to the broader scientific
community as a member of the National Academy of Sciences
since 1974, and was active from 1975 to 1982 on an NAS committee
set up to study the Nation's overall need for biomedical
and behavioral researchers; consultant for the President's
Office of Science and Technology (1966-1972), a member of
the President's Science Advisory Committee (1972-1973),
and a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Advisory
Committee on Biology and Medicine.
Dr. Wyngaarden is the coauthor of Cecil Textbook of
Medicine. In collaboration with former NIH director,
Dr. Fredrickson, and others, he edited The Metabolic
Basis of Inherited Disease. The original work was
published in 1960.
A native of Michigan,
he attended Calvin College there, and Western Michigan University
in 1943-1944. In 1948 he graduated first in his class from
the University of Michigan Medical School.
Dr. Wyngaarden trained in internal medicine at the Massachusetts
General Hospital and did postdoctoral work at the Public
Health Research Institute of the City of New York, under
the direction of Dr. DeWitt Stetten, Jr., former NIGMS director.
After serving as research associate at NIH from 1953 to
1956, he went to Duke and in 1959 became director of the
medical research training program there as well as associate
professor of medicine and biochemistry. In 1961 he became
professor of medicine and associate professor of biochemistry.
In 1963 and 1964, he was a visiting scientist at the Institut
de Biologie-Physiocochemique in Paris. Shortly after his
return to this country, he left Duke to become professor
and chairman of the department of medicine and professor
of biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania. He returned
to Duke in 1967.
Dr. Wyngaarden has received many honorary degrees: University
of Michigan (D.Sc., 1980), Medical College of Ohio (D.Sc.,
1984), University of Illinois at Chicago (D.Sc., 1985),
George Washington University (D.Sc., 1986), and Tel Aviv
University (Ph.D., 1987).
He is a diplomate of the American Board of Internal Medicine.
He has served on editorial boards of numerous professional
publications.
Dr. Wyngaarden is a member of a number of professional
societies including the NAS Institute of Medicine, the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Society for Clinical
Investigation, and is a past president of the Association
of American Physicians. He is a fellow of the Royal College
of Physicians of London and was elected to the Royal Academy
of Sciences of Sweden in 1987.
Bernadine Healy, M.D.
Dr. Bernadine Healy became NIH director in April 1991.
Shortly after her appointment, she launched the NIH Women's
Health Initiative, a $500 million effort to study the causes,
prevention, and cures of diseases that affect women. She
also established the Shannon Award, grants designed to foster
creative, innovative approaches in biomedical research and
keep talented scientists in a competitive system. Under
her leadership, the NIH is formulating it first strategic
plan to guide research efforts into the 21st century.
Prior to her appointment, she was chairman of the Research
Institute of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, where she
directed the research programs of nine departments including
efforts in cardiovascular disease, neurobiology, immunology,
cancer, artificial organs, and molecular biology. From her
appointment in November 1985, she also served as a staff
member of the clinic's department of cardiology.
In February 1984, Dr. Healy became deputy director of
the Office of Science and Technology Policy at the White
House. Her appointment, made by President Reagan and confirmed
by the Senate in June of 1984, involved her heavily in life
science and regulatory issues at the Federal level. She
served as chairman of the White House Cabinet Working Group
on Biotechnology, was executive secretary of the White House
Science Council's Panel on the Health of Universities, and
served as member of several advisory groups, including the
councils of the NHLBI, NCI, as well as the White House Working
Group on Health Policy and Economics. From June 1976 until
February 1984, she was professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine and Hospital, where she also
had clinical responsibilities, directed a program in cardiovascular
research, and was director of the coronary care unit. In
addition to serving on the medical school faculty, she assumed
the role of assistant dean for postdoctoral programs and
faculty development.
Among her other professional affiliations, Dr. Healy has
served on the board of governors of the American College
of Cardiology and has been president of the American Federation
of Clinical Research (1983-84) and was chairman of its public
policy committee for several years. She was president of
the American Heart Association in 1988-1989 and has served
as a member of its board of directors since 1983. As AHA
president, she initiated a women's minority leadership task
force and a women and heart disease program that took hold
in affiliates nationwide.
She is a member of the Institute of Medicine of NAS. In
1989 she was elected as a member of the board of overseers
of Harvard College and has served on the board of trustees
of Vassar College. She has also been chairman of the Ohio
Council on Research and Economic Development, and served
on several other advisory committees and boards, including
the Ohio Board of Regents.
Dr. Healy has been active in several Federal advisory
groups. Until her NIH appointment, she was a member of the
advisory committee to the NIH director. She has been a member
of the White House Science Council and chairman of the advisory
panel for new developments in biotechnology of the Office
of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress and a member
of the NASA Life Sciences Strategic Planning Study Committee.
In 1990 she was appointed to the President's Council of
Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST) and served as
its vice-chairman. She also chaired the advisory panel for
basic research for the 1990's of the Office of Technology
Assessment, and served on the special medical advisory committee
of the Department of Veterans Affairs.
A native of New York City, she graduated from Hunter College
High School. She received her bachelor's degree from Vassar
College in 1965, and her M.D., cum laude, from Harvard Medical
School in June 1970. She completed training in internal
medicine and cardiology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.
Dr. Healy has written extensively in the areas of cardiovascular
research and medicine, and has served on the editorial boards
of numerous scientific journals.
She stepped down as director of NIH on June 30, 1993,
to return the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio.
Ruth Kirschstein, M.D. (Acting)
Dr. Ruth Kirschstein, director of the National Institute
of General Medical Sciences, became acting director of NIH
on July 1, 1993, at the request of DHHS Secretary Donna
Shalala. A 38-year veteran of NIH, she became NIH deputy
director in November 1993.
Harold E. Varmus, M.D.
Dr.
Harold E. Varmus became 14th director of NIH on November
23, 1993. Winner of the Nobel Prize in 1989 for his work
in cancer research, he comes to NIH from the University
of California, San Francisco. He is a leader in the study
of cancer-causing genes called "oncogenes," and
an internationally recognized authority on retroviruses,
the viruses that cause AIDS and many cancers in animals.
Prior to his appointment, he was professor of microbiology,
biochemistry, and biophysics, and the American Cancer Society
professor of molecular virology at UCSF. He has been working
at the cutting edge of modern cell and molecular biology,
and has had an active relationship with NIH for about 30
years as an intramural scientist, grantee, and public advisor.
Dr. Varmus and his UCSF colleague Dr. J. Michael Bishop
shared the 1989 Nobel in Physiology or Medicine for demonstrating
that cancer genes (oncogenes) can arise from normal cellular
genes, called proto-oncogenes. While investigating a retroviral
gene, v-src, responsible for causing tumors in chickens,
they discovered a nonviral src gene, very similar to v-src,
present in the normal cells of birds and mammals.
In recent years his work has assumed special relevance
to AIDS, through a focus on biochemical properties of HIV,
and to breast cancer, through investigation of mammary tumors
in mice. His research activities included grants from NCI,
NIAID, NIGMS, American Cancer Society, and the Melanie Bronfman
Award for Breast Cancer.
Dr. Varmus has served as chairman of the board of biology
for the National Research Council, an advisor to the Congressional
Caucus for Biomedical Research, a member of the joint steering
committee for Public Policy of Biomedical Societies, and
cochairman of the New Delegation for Biomedical Research,
a coalition of leaders in the biomedical community. He directed "Winding
Your Way Through DNA," a popular public symposium on
recombinant DNA staged by UCSF.
Author or editor of 4 books and nearly 300 scientific
papers, he has been elected to the Institute of Medicine,
the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences. His most recent book, Genes and
the Biology of Cancer, intended for a general audience,
was coauthored with Robert Weinberg for the Scientific American
Library. He as edited several professional journals, and
served on a variety of review and advisory boards for government,
biotechnology firms, and pharmaceutical companies.
Dr. Varmus was a member of the IOM committee that advised
the Department of Defense on the use of $210 million allocated
by Congress in 1992 for breast cancer research. In 1986
he chaired the subcommittee of the International Committee
on the Taxonomy of Viruses that gave the AIDS virus its
name HIV.
He attended public schools in Freeport, Long Island; his
father practiced family medicine and his mother was a psychiatric
social worker. He is a graduate of Amherst College (B.A.,
1961), where he majored in English literature and edited
the school newspaper; Harvard University (M.A., 1962); and
Columbia University (M.D., 1966). While in medical school,
he worked for 3 months at a mission hospital in northern
India.
After an internship and residency in internal medicine
at Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital in New York, he served
as a clinical associate for 2 years (1968-70) at the National
Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, where he
did his first scientific work in the area of bacterial genetics
with Dr. Ira Pastan, who is now chief of NCI's Laboratory
of Molecular Biology. He came to UCSF as a postdoctoral
fellow in Bishop's laboratory in 1970, initiating a long-standing
collaboration to study tumor viruses, and was appointed
to the faculty later that year.
He became a full professor in 1979 and an ACS research
professor in 1984.
