The researchers will present these and other findings at a press briefing at the American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting in Anaheim, California, on Saturday, January 23 at noon, Pacific Time in the Palos Verdes room of the Anaheim Hilton Hotel, in Anaheim, California.

Initiated by the NICHD and conducted by investigators at the NICHD and 14 universities around the country, the study was spurred by the increase in the use of early child care over the past decade. In 1991, the NICHD study of early child care enrolled more than 1,300 families and their children from 10 locations throughout the United States. The children, who were less than one month old at the time they were enrolled in the study, have been followed through their first grade year.

"Day care has come into increasing use in recent years," said NICHD Director Dr. Duane Alexander. "NICHD's far reaching, comprehensive study will continue to provide valuable insights into what is, for many families, an absolute necessity."

At the AAAS briefing, several researchers from the study will present their findings:

• Dr. Cathryn L. Booth will report that the quality of child care in the U.S. is fair--neither outstanding nor terrible. To reach this conclusion, she and the other researchers in the network combined analyses from the 1995 National Household Education Survey along with results from the NICHD study of early child care. The researchers noted that their conclusion needs to be confirmed by a nationally representative study of the quality of child care in the U.S. Until such a study can be conducted, however, the NICHD study of early child care investigators'combined estimate may serve as the best overall estimate for the quality of child care in the U.S. The researchers also suggest possible ways for improving the nation's child care: by improving the ratio of child care givers to children, lowering group sizes, increasing care givers' levels of education, and increasing the safety and intellectual stimulation of child care settings.
• Dr. Deborah Lowe Vandell will report that such factors as a family's income, mothers' psychological well-being, and maternal behavior have more of an influence on children's social competence at 2 and 3 years of age than does the children's day care arrangement. However, quality child care was related to children displaying greater social competence and cooperation and less problem behavior at 2 and 3 years of age. Also, more experiences in groups with other children predicted more cooperation with other children and fewer problem behaviors at both 2 and 3 years of age. Finally, the consistency of the day care setting also played a role in the development of social competence. At age 2, children who had been in a number of different day care arrangements showed more problem behaviors than did children who had been in fewer day care arrangements.
• Dr. Margaret Tresch Owen will report that child care experience has no discernible influence on the security of children's attachments to their mothers by age 3. Earlier reported findings from the NICHD study indicated that more experience with child care and lower quality child care in infancy were only related to secure infants' attachments to their mothers when mothers were relatively insensitive to their infants. In general, the education of the mothers was more strongly related to positive qualities of maternal care than was the amount or quality of child care. However, mothers were slightly more positive and supportive with their children when less child care was used or when child care quality was higher.
• Dr. Alison Clarke-Stewart will report that parents have an important influence on children's development regardless of how much child care their children experience. Comparisons between children in child care and those experiencing exclusive care from their mothers tell us little until we consider the quality of care. High quality child care offers an advantage to children and low quality care a disadvantage for cognitive and language development compared to care from the average mother.

"These findings are extremely important," said Dr. Sarah L. Friedman, NICHD coordinator of the study and one of its investigators. "The children in our study come from across the nation, from all walks of life--they experience child care ranging from the most informal (care by a relative) to the most structured (center care).

Dr. Friedman added that the children were observed repeatedly at home and in child care from the time they were six months of age. "This gives us confidence in the conclusions of our research and its relevance to decisions made regarding child care and the well being of children."

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Investigators participating in the NICHD Early Child Care Study

Mark Appelbaum University of California at San Diego (619) 534-7959 (619) 534-7190 fax Dee Ann Batten Vanderbilt University (615) 343-1476 (615) 343-1100 fax Jay Belsky Pennsylvania State University (814) 865-1447 (814) 863-6207 fax Kimberly Boller* Mathematica Policy Institute (609) 275-2341 Cathryn Booth University of Washington at Seattle (206) 543-8074 (206) 685-3349 fax Robert Bradley University of Arkansas at Little Rock (501) 569-3423 (501) 569-8503 fax Celia Brownell University of Pittsburgh (412) 624-4510 (412) 624-4428 fax Peg Burchnal Research Triangle Institute (919) 966-5059 (919) 962-5771 fax Bettye Caldwell Arkansas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (501) 320-3333 (501) 320-1552 fax Susan Campbelll University of Pittsburgh (412) 624-8792 (412) 624-5407 fax Alison Clarke-Stewart University of California at Irvine (714) 824-7191 (714) 824-3002 fax Deborah Phillips National Academy of Sciences (202) 334-1935 (202) 334-3768 fax Robert Pianta University of Virginia at Charlottesville (804) 243-5483 (804) 243-5480 fax Henry Ricciuti* Cornell University (607) 255-0844 (607) 255-9856 Susan Spieker University of Washington at Seattle (206) 543-8453 (206) 324-7261 fax

Martha Cox University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (919) 966-2622 (919) 966-7532 fax Sarah L. Friedman National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (301) 496-9849 (301) 480-7773 fax Kathryn Hirsh-Pasek Temple University (215) 204-5243 (215) 204-5539 fax Aletha Huston University of Texas at Austin (512) 471-0753 (512) 471-5844 fax Elizabeth Jaeger Temple University (215) 204-7894 (215) 204-5539 fax Bonnie Knoke Research Triangle Institute (919) 541-7075 (919) 541-5966 fax Nancy Marshall Wellesley College (617) 283-2551 (617) 283-2504 fax Kathleen McCartney University of New Hampshire (603) 862-3168 (603) 862-4986 fax Marion O'Brien University of Kansas (913) 864-4801 (913) 864-5202 fax Margaret Tresch Owen University of Texas at Dallas (972) 883-6876 (214) 883-2491 fax Chris Payne Western Carolina Center (704) 438-6532 (704) 438-6531 fax Deborah Lowe Vandell University of Wisconsin at Madison (608) 263-1902 (608) 263-6448 fax Kathleen Wallner-Allen* Research Triangle Institute (301) 496-9849 (301) 480-7773 Marsha Weinraub Temple University (215) 204-7183 (215) 204-5539 fax *Affiliated with the NICHD during the course of the Early Child Care Study.